Library Guides: Nursing &amp; Medical Research Guide: PICO(T)

What are PICO(T) questions?

PICO process video clip
Watch this quick video to learn how to use the PICO Search feature in CINAHL Ultimate!

Foreground (PICO) Questions

Using a structured question frame can help you clearly define the concepts or variables that make up the specific research question. PICO(T) is the most common question frame used in health sciences research, where the question is composed of the following:

Population/Problem/Patient
- What is the problem to be addressed? What are the characteristics of the patient population, or disease of interest?
- Think of this element as the dependent variable
Intervention
- What is the relevant treatment or exposure? What action or change would affect the patient/problem/population?
- Think of this element as the independent variable
Comparison
- What is the alternative to the intervention? (A different intervention? The usual standard of care? Not intervening at all?)
- Think of this element like a "control group"
Outcome
- What are the relevant effects?
- Think of this element as what is measured to show what the intervention has accomplished or improved
Timeframe or Type of Study (Optional)
- Think of this element as additional, optional constraints to narrow the question
  - In what time frame should the intervention achieve the outcome?
  - What type of study would best address the PICO question?